IMPLICATIONS FOR EQUITY, PRACTICE & IMPLEMENTATION
  1 California Legislative Analyst’s Office. 2 Miller et al 3 California Education Policy Seminar and California State University (CSU) Institute for Education Reform. 4 Carlos et al. 5 California Legislative Analyst’s Office. 6 McRobbie (1996 & 1997). 7 Glass et al.; Finn & Achilles; McGiverin et al.; Mosteller et al. 8 Glass et al.; Mosteller et al. 9 Tomlinson; Prais; Hanushek; Viadero. 10 Finn, Class Size: What Does Research Say? 11 IBID. 12 Illig (1996); Kirst; McRobbie (1997). 13 Cahen et al.; Murnane & Levy 1996 14 Cahen et al. 15 Coleman; Comer; Butless. 16 California Legislative Analyst’s Office. 17 Blattner et al. 18 IBID. 19 Illig (1997). 20 Turley et al.; McKendrick. 21 California Legislative Analyst’s Office; Blattner et al.; Illig (1997). 22 EdSource. 23 Gold. 24 IBID. 25 Some principals report hiring teachers considered "A" or "B" fluent, terms used to describe teachers without credentials but conversant in a non-English language. In this study, however, only teachers with state certification are considered qualified to provide LEP services. 26 We use the term emergency credential to refer to all teachers who, at the time of our study, were teaching with only waivers or emergency permits, and were, therefore, not fully credentialed. 27 California’s class-size reduction law is the lion’s share of a package of education legislation that included several bills focused on improved reading. Major provisions are found in SB 1777, amended by SB 1414; SB 1789–facilities. Major provisions of the companion reading initiative are found in AB 170, AB 1504, AB 3482; AB 3075 and AB 1178–preservice. 28 Barr & Dreeban; Kulik; Mosteller et al. 29 Comer. 30 Muller; Stevenson et al; Klimes-Dougan et al. 31 Wagner et al. 32 Illig (1997); California Legislative Analyst’s Office; Blattner et al. 33 Gandara; August & Hakuta. 34 This issue is further complicated by a recent decision by the California State Board of Education–which allows districts to determine whether or not to offer bilingual education–and by Prop. 227, a ballot initiative that , if passed, will replace bilingual education with English immersion. 35 California Legislative Analyst’s Office. 36 Gándara; August & Hakuta. |